Table 1 Psychiatric neuromodulation methods compared with tDCS (adapted from (George et al. 2011))
| Â | ECT | VNS | TMS | DBS | tDCS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical Approval By FDA | Depression | Epilepsy | TRD | PD | None approved |
Schizophrenia etc. | TRD | Migraine | TRD | ||
| Â | Â | Â | OCD | ||
Anesthesia | General | General | No | General | No |
Possible Risks | Amnesia | Hoarseness | Headache | Stroke | Skin redness |
Delirium | Cough | Dizziness | Infection | Scalp discomfort | |
| Â | Â | Scalp discomfort | Seizure | Â | |
Number of sessions for depression | 8 to 12 sessions | NA | 20 to 30 sessions | NA | 5 to 15 sessions |
2 to 3 sessions a week |  | 3–5 sessions a week |  | 3–5 sessions a week | |
General cost in the U.S. | $800 to $1000 per session | $5,000 to $30,000 | $300 per session | $130,000 (Stroupe et al. 2014) | No more than TMS per session |